'However, this feminized public punishment did not affect all women in the same way. When black and Native American women were imprisoned in reformatories, they were often segregated from white women. Moreover, they tended to be disproportionately sentenced to men's prisons. In the southern states in the aftermath of the Civil War, black women endured the cruelties of the convict lease system unmitigated by the feminization of punishment; neither their sentences nor the labor they were compelled to do were lessened by virtue of their gender. As the US prison system evolved during the twentieth century, feminized modes of punishment – the cottage system, domestic training, and so on – were designed ideologically to reform white women, relegating women of color in large part to realms of public punishment that made no pretense of offering them femininity' (Angela Y. Davis. Are Prisons Obsolete? 'How Gender Structures the Prison System,' 72).
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'How Gender Structures the Prison System,' 72). The prison, as a site of control, defines normalcy and deviancy. The creation of sex-segregated prison facilities worked to define gender norms and difference, both within prison walls and outside of them. This means that the images are chosen by the Operating system developer. So, you might not get the same emoji that you see on your Android phone in iOS or Mac devices. Emoji Keyboard Shortcuts: If you are good at remembering shortcuts for almost every other command, then Mac Pro Emoji keyboard shortcuts will surely help you.
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The prison, as a site of control, defines normalcy and deviancy. The creation of sex-segregated prison facilities worked to define gender norms and difference, both within prison walls and outside of them. 'According to dominant views, women convicts were irrevocably fallen women, with no possibility of salvation' (Davis, 70). These dominant views assumed that women had fundamentally transgressed womanhood, not just the bases of the social contract. Within these assumptions were underlying beliefs about racialized gender identities and performativity – white women were (and are) thought to be the sole possessors of femininity and genuine womanhood, whereas women of color are masculinized, and, within that non-white masculinity, were (are) criminalized. So reform was not based within sex segregation alone, but rather operated on normalizing racialized gender for control.
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The more recent reform Davis discusses in women's prisons has operated under the 'separate but equal' model. The application has resulted in more repressive conditions for women's facilities in order to make them equal to men's facilities. The uncritical approach lacks lenses of how basic human needs are met, how gendered power dynamics between prisoners and guards operate within separate facilities, and without questions regarding the betterment and rehabilitation of prisoners as whole human beings. In addition, it also operates within the same fundamental assumptions about gender – it is most often women of color affected by defining men's facilities as the norm, and thus effectively viewing and treating these women as men, or at least masculinized and non-woman other.
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These two very different reforms for gender difference and gender equality operate in accordance within respective mainstream views of gender performativity and positionality. 'Fixing' criminalized women's gender performance supports the construction of women as domestic and necessarily needing to be useful, and instilled specific types of labor production in the bodies being targeted by the institution. The production of housewives is a banal perspective on the approach – the reality that Davis relates is the deliberate construction of a workforce. By contrast, the labor production that relatively recent reforms have demanded – for instance, the creation of women's chain gangs in Alabama (Davis, 76) – align conveniently with the prevalence of gender equality.
Question: How does the correctional nature of prison regarding gender manifest outside of the prison's walls to maintain specific modes of labor for certain populations? How does the policing of gender within prison 'correct'/control non-normative gender identity outside of the prison's walls for the purposes of non-normative people's safety, survival, protection?
